薇琪很OK的生活

助動詞可以分成兩種: 一般助動詞 (Auxiliary Verbs) 和 情態助動詞 (Modal Auxiliary Verbs)

這兩種助動詞通常是用來幫助主要動詞來形成各種時態和語態等等,

我們不只在肯定句上使用它們, 我們也可以使用它們來創造疑問或者否定句

這裡主要講解情境助動詞, 若對一般助動詞有興趣, 請點這裡:

情態助動詞(Modal Auxiliary Verbs)

各種情境助動詞有不同的語態和態度, 下面先用各種語態或態度來做出一個表格, 再來會以各個助動詞來講解:

1. May 

＊某事件發生在現在或未來的可能性 (60%左右)
Tim may come here tomorrow. (提姆明天可能會來這裡)
Rebecca may be at her office now. (莉貝卡現在也許在她的辦公室)
I may not eat dinner with my parents tonight. (我今晚也許不會和我父母吃晚餐)

＊過去式用法: may have + 過去分詞
He may have passed the final exam. (他也許已經考過了期末)

＊表示許可, 比can還要正式
You may watch TV after you finish your homework. (你功課做完後可以看電視)
You may hang out wiht your friends for two hours. (你可以和你朋友出去兩個小時)
You may not leave because you haven't finished the work. (你不能離開因為你還沒完成工作)

＊詢問許可或禮貌地問問題,比can和could 還要正式, 通常主詞是"I / We", 不能和 "You" 是主詞的句子一起使用
May I have some cookies after lunch? (我可以在午餐後吃一些餅乾嗎?)
May we go to Korea in this summer? (我們這個夏天可以去韓國嗎?) 

2. Might

＊某事件發生在現在或未來的可能性, 但不確定性比may還高
It might stop rainning tomorrow. (明天可能會停止下雨)
The teacher might give the students a pop quiz in the end of the class. (這個老師可能會在課堂最後給學生們一個隨堂小考)
They might not be at the library. (他們可能不在圖書館)

＊過去式用法: might have + 過去分詞
My older sister might have been in America. (我的姊姊可能去過美國)

＊非常正式的詢問許可或禮貌地問問題, 但很少被使用, 通常主詞是"I / We"
Might I borrow your notebook? (我可以借你的筆記本嗎?)

3. Can

＊表現在或未來的能力
The cat can climb trees. (這貓會爬樹)
The children can play basketball well. (這些孩子籃球打得很好)
Rick can not/ can't swim. (瑞克不會游泳)
Can we watch a movie tomorrow night? (我們明天晚上可以看電影嗎?)
解: 同時5W1H (where, when, who, why, what, how) 的問題也可以跟can一起使用
Where can I buy the train tickets? (哪裡可以買火車票?)
How can she go to the airport by herself? (她要怎麼自己去機場?)

＊比較不正式的語氣詢問許可, 通常用於與較熟的朋友的對話
Can I use your laptop for a while(, please)? (我可以使用你的筆電嗎?)

＊向人要求事情, 比could you 或would you還不正式, 通常用於與較熟的朋友的對話
Can you (please) buy some milk for me on the way home? (你可以在回家路上幫我買些牛奶嗎?)

＊表示許可, 但比使用may還要不正式
You can stay up until ten o'clock tonight. (你今晚可以十點再上床)
You can't have another piece of the cake. You ate too much. (你不能再吃另一塊蛋糕了, 你吃太多了)

4. Could

＊表過去的能力
Jessie could play the paino when she was a child. (潔西以前還是小孩時會彈鋼琴)
Lio could finish his homework last night, but he forgot. (李奧昨晚可以完成他的作業, 但他忘記了)
Abby couldn't come to work last week because she was sick. (艾比上週不能來上班因為她生病了)
Could you do cartwheel when you were young? (妳年輕的時候可以翻跟斗嗎?)

＊較正式的方法詢問許可
Could I borrow this book from you? (我可以跟你借這本書嗎?)
Could we eat pasta for dinner? (我們晚餐可以吃義大利麵嗎?)
在禮貌的問問題時, could 本身也有現在或未來的意思, 並不是can 的過去式

＊較禮貌的方式要求事情
Could you (please) pass the black pepper? (可以請你遞黑胡椒嗎?)

＊給予建議
You could change your shoes if they are uncomfortable. (如果你的鞋子不舒服你可以換鞋子)
You could talk to your teacher about your question. (你可以和你的老師說你的問題)

＊某事件發生在現在或未來的可能性
Johnson could be on the way to work. (約翰遜現在可能在去上班的路上)
Johnson could have been on the way to work. (約翰遜過去這時間可能正在去上班的路上)

5. Be able to

＊表能力,可用於過去.現在.或未來的時態, 並且與can和could 有相同意思
She is able to solve some really difficult problems.  
= She can solve some really difficult problems. (她可以解決一些很困難的問題)
Cathy was able to speak four languages when she was ten years old. 
= Cathy could speak four languages when she was ten years old. (凱西在她十歲時可以說四種語言)
Taylor will be able to go to Japan with us in this summer. 
= Taylor can go to Japan with us in this summer. (泰勒這個夏天可以和我們一起去日本)
Tim is not able to come because his car is broken. (提姆不能來因為他的車壞了)
Was Katherine able to drive a year ago? (凱瑟琳一年前會開車嗎?)

6. Will

＊表示未來的可能性(100%)
I will be there next week. (我下周會在那裏)

＊較禮貌的態度要求事情, 對方是比較熟悉要好的人, 通常主詞是"You"
Will you open the window(, please)? (可以請你打開窗戶嗎?)
Will you (please) help me to move this table? (可以請你幫我搬這個桌子嗎?)

7. Would

＊較禮貌的態度要求事情, 較常被使用, 通常主詞是"You"
Would you (please) take me the subway station? (可以請你帶我去捷運站嗎?)
Would you teach me how to use this app, please? (可以請你教我使用這個應用程式嗎?)

＊表過去常常重複的動作, 和used to 有一樣的意思
My mother would teach me English every night when I was a kid.
= My mother used to teach me English every might when I was a kid. (我媽媽在我還小的時候會教我英文)
I would go to my grandparents' house after school. 
= I used to go to my grandparents' house after school. (我以前放學後會去我阿公阿嬤家)

8. Would rather / Would rather ... than ...

＊表傾向
I would rather stay at home today. (我傾向今天待在家裡)
I would rather watch a movie than go to a concert. 
= I prefer to watch a movie (rather) than go to a concert. (我傾向看電影比去演唱會多)
 

9. Used to

＊表過去常常重複的動作, 和would有一樣的意思
She used to drive a sport car. (她以前開跑車)
They used to cook every meal. (他們以前每餐都煮飯)

＊表過去發生的事實, 這時候used to 和 would 就沒有一樣的意思
I used to be a teacher. (我過去是老師)
My husband used to live in Korea. (我老公以前住韓國)

＊否定句: used not to
I used not to hike every weekend, but now I do. (我以前不會每個周末爬山, 但現在我會)
Sean used not to smoke. (尚恩以前不吸菸)

＊疑問句: Did + 主詞 + use to 
Did you use to go to this college? (你以前在這間大學上課嗎?) 

10. Should

＊用來給予建議或想法
We should stay at home tonight because it might rain. (我們今晚應該要待在家裡因為可能會下雨)
They should listen to thier teachers in school. (他們在學校應該要聽老師的話)
Justin shouldn't leave his math textbook at home. He needs it. (賈斯汀不應該把他的數學課本放在家. 他需要它)
Should we go to see a movie this weekend? Yes, we should. (我們這周末應該要去看電影嗎? 對, 我們應該)

＊有時候我們也可以使用shall來代替should. 他們有一樣的意思
I should go. = I shall go. (我該走了)

＊對未來的期望
My new computer should be here tomorrow. (我的新電腦明天應該會到)
Lisa should do well on the midterm. She has been studying so hard. (麗莎期中考應該會考很好. 她一直很努力讀書)

11. Ought to 

＊用來給予建議或想法, 但比should還要強烈
Parents ought to always look after their kids. (父母親應該要總是照顧他們的孩子)
You ought to walk away if you want to smoke because there are some children. (你如果想抽菸你應該要去別的地方因為這裡有一些孩子)
People ought not to throw trash on the ground. (大家不應該丟垃圾在地上)
Ought I (to) meet her? Yes, you ought (to). (我應該見她嗎? 對, 你應該)

＊對未來的期望
My new computer ought to be here tomorrow. (我的新電腦明天應該會到)

12. Had better

＊表強烈的建議 (可能會有壞事發生), 不能使用於疑問句
You had better come here immediately. Something is wrong. (你最好馬上過來. 有事不對勁)
They had better be on time, or they can't catch the flight. (他們最好準時不然趕不上飛機)
She had better not call me today because I am really mad at her. (她最好今天不要打給我因為我對她真的很生氣)

13. Have to

＊表示必要性, 很常被使用於日常生活對話, 可以被使用於正式或不正式的對話
I'd like to go shopping with you, but I have to go to work.
= I need to work. (我想要和你去逛街但是我必須要工作)
Rei's Brother has to leave early tonight. (瑞的哥哥今晚必須要先離開)
We don't have to study today because we just finished the midterm. (我們今天不用讀書因為我們剛考完期中考)
The child doesn't have to wake up early tomorrow. (這孩子明天不用早起)
解: 否定句表示了某事情並不一定要做到
Do you have to call her now? (你現在一定要打給她嗎?)
Does Emily have to take the test next week? (艾蜜莉下禮拜一定要考試嗎?)

14. Must

＊表示必要性, 但是是很嚴重或很重要的事情, 比have to 還要少被使用, 通常被使用於法律或學術相關的句子, 沒有疑問句用法
I must go to work now. Something urgent happened. (我必須現在要去工作. 緊急事情發生了)
= It is really important. It can't wait. 

＊如果使用否定句則有"禁止"的意思
Visitors must not park in this area, and vehicles in violation will get tickets. (參訪者禁止停在這一區, 違反者會被開罰單)
= Visitors are not allowed to park in this area. 
= Visitors cannot park in this area. 
People must not smoke in restaurants. (人們禁止在餐廳抽菸)

15. Have got to

＊表示必要性, 非常的不正式, 主要被用於口語對話, 沒有否定句和疑問句用法
I have got to clean the house. (我得打掃房子)
She has got to return the book to the library. (她得把書還給圖書館)

16. Had to

＊Have to / Must / Have got to的過去式
I had to study yesterday. 
= I needed to study yesterday. (我昨天得讀書)

17. Be supposed to 

＊表對未來某事的期望
The movie is supposed to start in ten minutes. (電影在十分鐘後應該會開始)
The supreme court judges are supposed to be appointed by the presidents. (最高法院的法官應該是由總統任命的)

＊表對於某些動作的期望
We are supposed to wash the dishes after we eat. (我們吃飽後應該要洗碗)

＊若使用過去式則有過去應該發生卻沒有發生的意思
Jimmy was supposed to visit me yesterday. I wonder why he didn't. (吉米昨晚應該要來找我的, 我好奇為什麼沒有)
解: 我期望吉米來, 可是他卻沒有
We were supposed to go to Disney Land last summer. (我們去年夏天應該要去迪士尼樂園的)
解: 應該要去但是沒有去